Police Presence In Minority Communities - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1878 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/03/29 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Police Brutality Essay Did you like this example? What is the perception by residents of the police presence in minority communities? Abstract This paper demonstrates the research done on police presence in minority communities based on the articles done by McKeon, Wolverton, and others from magazines called The Christian Century and The Economist. All focus on some aspect of police brutality however from differing viewpoints as well as how they affect the citizens theyre meant to protect instead are seen brutally attacking the supposed suspects under false charges they had written up in order to enact such a innate bloodthirsty desire or possibly a warped sense of justice to beat confessions out of the suspects regardless of whether they were guilty or innocent of their made-up crimes. It mainly can affect the persons psyche and trust in law enforcement especially when theyre the one in trouble from someone or something else such as the death threats, robberies and other crimes one could experience over their lifetime.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Police Presence In Minority Communities" essay for you Create order What is the perception by residents of the police presence in minority communities? Numerous articles have shown what levels of fear many have towards police and their presence within neighborhoods regardless of whether it could be positive or negative based on other influences such as the local news or other forms of media. With McKeon (2014), the police tried to set up a Mobile Crisis Intervention Team in Toronto, Canada with only two police officers registered with the psychiatric nurses. However, it is now set up in only 12 of the 17 divisions but the fact is how small each of them are in which its only 4 officers per division whereas the problems grow in size and are enormous in some scenarios showing how limited they are with the program leaving them unable to deal with every call that comes in needing their help. Theyre more similar to EMT or rather paramedics and respond to mainly mental health crises that are very vague since its unclear what is designated as such a case and they only come in after actual police officers have arrived to scene first before t hey can do anything to help. Although there are some exceptions to this in which they cant respond to situations where the person is either intoxicated or on a drug trip/overdose, also armed with weapons as well as acting violent are some of the mentioned situations they cant be involved in. Most of the time the blame is set on the police due to the fact theyre only prepared with 12 hours worth of information on Mental Health issues and only worry about weapon first rather than person first since theyve been trained in dismantling the threat as soon as possible which means shooting the person holding the weapon to end the threat quickly instead of trying to talk them down and lower their weapon especially since theyve been trained to see all people with weapons as threats only and nothing more. This also went to show that a persistent stigma continues to show all mentally ill are dangerous leading to more tragic outcomes than safe ones for the victims of police shootings. Wolverton (2015) focuses on how false charges affect the reputation of police whether theyre the ones behind the false charges or if its against them. For example, at one time in 2015 there was a civilian arrested on the account of drunk driving and as he was being booked, he was supposedly beaten to an inch of his life by four deputies who had left him with a swollen face and a gash as well which he supposedly claims happened. Most of the time, cases like these make the headlines of newspapers but this specific one didnt reach it due to the video evidence showing that the civilian came in with the gash before being booked into the county jail leading to his claim being dis-proven before any of the anti-police crusader groups come down as soon as there is any news of police brutality charges. As mentioned in the article, the sheriff Scott Mellinger handed the case to the Indiana State Police and removed his own as to not show any bias to his officers and allow the investigation to show whether the claims of the deputies abuse towards the victim was true or not, which as a result showed the injuries were already there prior to the booking and caused the victim to retract their claim and said it was most likely their imagination. However, most claims are actually real and true rather than the persons imagination or simple dreams and arent as easily disproved as it was noted further into the article where it mentions the deadly force used by an officer named Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri who was involved in the death of Michael Brown in last August but was cleared of charges of violating the victims civil rights but it didnt sit well with many as a result and it was continually challenged leading to a potential combustible interactions between the police and citizens. Another event was in Denver, Colorado where a video showed evidence of police being cleared of charges though it showed the dark side of things especially how brutal it was in reality. This was around the time deputies subdued and handcuffed 4 women whom had later claimed that they were thrown to the ground and sprayed with mace, all the while being continually beaten by the officers. The women filed a formal complaint against the department on account of two things of which one was the fact they didnt nothing incorrect to receive such savage beatings and secondly over the use of excessive force. Officers denied the charges and the public mass supported them through the entire way until the video came to light a few years later proving the womens claims which led to the city awarding them $360,000 and causing a fury from the public against the officers who used such brutal force against them. Although, once the angry mobs died down, the accused policemen returned to duty on the stree ts. The most notorious time was in Cornelia, Georgia against people who didnt deserve any level of abuse given by cops in which a grenade was thrown through the window and landed exactly by the 19 months old sleeping child right next their face and exploded leaving the child horribly injured and disfigured as well as requiring 10 surgeries to repair the damages. This was all done on a supposed tip on an alleged $50 drug deal that was occurring within the household executed through a no-knock warrant which gave no warning to the sleeping family members who were unaware and not fighting against the cops invading their home. Finally, police are consistently and falsely accused of misconduct under the notion of racial profiling whether itd be from a celebrity or a simple citizen. In those charges, many have been proven incorrect due to evidence by voice and video recordings that have shown the accusers claims to be falsely made even though the damage was already dealt to the officers reputation. In the article taken from the magazine called The Economist (2018), police confronted a man named Johnnie Rush, who had just finished his shift at the Cracker Barrel and brought himself beer, on the charge of Jaywalking which was known to be an offence within the state. Johnnie had argued and ran away after being accused of the charge, they knocked him down, tased him, and punched his head which rendered him unconscious as a result. Later, this lead to a lawsuit which then led into the use of body cams so neither side can lie over contested encounters and show evidence of what actually occurred during each confrontation. Yet such an invention still brings with it controversy where supposed evidence of body cams helping in reduction of bad behavior done by police officers remained unknown. However, the facial recognition programs can be more abused since it does give the ability to be used as a tool of deep real-time surveillance leading to less comfort and safety rather than more com fort and safety from how the publics thoughts on such a concept. Even with the body cams, it did nothing for the damages done to Mr. Rush especially since the cameras were meant to increase good behavior from both sides rather than show the dark side of what cops do to citizens regardless of whether they fight back or not. Although in some studies, it showed that complaints have dropped since cops have begun wearing the body cams. While in other studies, some have shown that activating a body cam led to an escalation in the encounter versus those who werent wearing one whereas in others, equipping a body cam led to no significant effect whatsoever, neither positive nor negative influences. Lastly, most of the time this information can end up being misused in the wrong hands especially when used for extortion crimes and blackmail towards innocent people just because of who they are or where they were parked on the street and the location of the area. In the article taken from the magazine The Christian Century (2018), it talks about the protests done against police brutality and racism through many people such as Colin Kaepernick and Eric Reid whom had begun protesting back in 2016 and continued by many other NFL players. Their protests were shown to be powerful on the account of taking a knee since it demonstrates solidarity, empathy, and remembrance of the dead. It goes to show the fundamental identity as a person not just a football player from the players posture as they step out of the role they play within the game as well as the other reason as it was noted in the article, that black football players have an emotional effect since they took a knee while the National Anthem was playing. Many NFL fans objected to the protests and demanded they keep it to themselves and just play the game the fans paid for, also add to that, they should act like soldiers and keep opinions to themselves as well as accept all the debilitating injuries they receive from the sport even though no one asked them to do so without any complaints. Because of this, NFL league decided to outlaw the protests in which they gave the choices of either standing during the Anthem or be fined for their actions as a form of damage control to keep those fans happy and supporting them while minimizing the players rights, opinions, and protests over a controversial subject. References McKeon, L. (2014, March-April). Police, brutality, and mental health. This Magazine, 47(5), 2. Retrieved from https://link-galegroup-com.ezproxy.scottsdalecc.edu/apps/doc/A360993949/GPS?u=mcc_sctsdsid=GPSxid=8522c721 NFL players and other vulnerable bodies. (2018, June 20). The Christian Century, 135(13), 7. Retrieved from https://link-galegroup-com.ezproxy.scottsdalecc.edu/apps/doc/A545566531/GPS?u=mcc_sctsdsid=GPSxid=5cd85549 Walls have eyes; Street-level surveillance. (2018, June 2). The Economist, 427(9094), 4(US). Retrieved from https://link-galegroup-com.ezproxy.scottsdalecc.edu/apps/doc/A540936985/GPS?u=mcc_sctsdsid=GPSxid=518ba081 Wolverton, J., II. (2015, September 21). What about police brutality? The New American, 31(18), 33+. Retrieved from https://link-galegroup-com.ezproxy.scottsdalecc.edu/apps/doc/A431081259/GPS?u=mcc_sctsdsid=GPSxid=d8bea259

Fashion As A Social Process Essay - 2186 Words

Fashion can be defined as a style that is associated with a certain group of people or place. It is a social process that can be termed as an ideal, and also as an idea that finds its expression materially and visually in forms that are colored, branded, having different textures and shapes. Producing limits of cultural, local and global systems where it is also circulated. It does not only involve clothing, but rather has expressions of one’s individuality (Wolf 1950 : 24). During the suffragette movement in 1903 Emmeline Pankhurst started the fight for women’s rights, the representation of habits, ideas and even the clothes they wore worked together to make their cause raise attention, and be heard by the relevant authorities, which could institute change (Rolley 1990 : 47). This paper discusses fashion as a social process, and the methods for producing distinction to reflect on two fashion movements that include the introduction of women wearing pants within the soci ety, which could also be connected to the second fashion movement that is women’s fashion during the suffragette movement. George Simmel thinks of fashion not just as a single realm of social life, but rather as a general occurrence of all societies that are modern in nature. He terms this as a social horizon where the interests of individuals come up together collectively (1971 : 133). New and more innovative aesthetics, and behavioral forms challenge social customs and their stability. In that case any otherShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Fashion in the Modern World897 Words   |  4 PagesFashion is something that keeps on changing and because of its change, fashion effects our lives nearly in every aspect like language, furniture, homes, cars, clothes, food and many other things. 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I recognized that my main research wouldRead MoreImpact Of Technology In Fashion921 Words   |  4 Pages Technological advancement in regards to Fashion As technology continues to progress fashion evolves right alongside. Before the invention of the tv the way to spread different styles and outfits was through sketches and designs. By this means it would take extended amounts of time to spread ideas of fashion from one place to another. The influence of technology on the fashion industry cannot be overlooked. Fashion is being rapidly offered to consumers at an amazingly fast rate. NowadaysRead MoreClothing And Identity And Social Class1342 Words   |  6 PagesClothing is used to represent both identity and social class in very similar ways. Identity is one of the most compelling and contentious conceptions. Individuals declare who they are through what they wear. One’s appearance reveals their gender, race, ethnicity, social class, sexuality, age, and personal interests. Expressing yourself and who you are can be challenging to put into words, therefore it is a lot easier to show who you are through the way you dress. For ce nturies, clothing has beenRead MoreSustainable, Environmentally Friendly And Ethical Products1227 Words   |  5 Pagesinto a global trend and became an integral part of (fashion) design and production process [1]. It is a stage in the life cycle of fashion garment. Why so? Because it explores approaches such as low impact textiles techniques, zero waste techniques, repair and maintenance techniques, closed-loop design systems, low-impact manufacturing technologies, mono-materiality, design durability, and up cycling. Sustainable fashion, also known as eco fashion, is part of the larger growing trend of creating more

Weight Loss Programs Free Essays

Nutrition Throughout Life – Weight Loss Programs. Weight Loss programs: Jenny Craig and Elite’ N’ Easy 1. The purpose of this product and/or services Jenny Craig: The purpose of Jenny Craig Is to teach their clients how to eat well, move more and living life. We will write a custom essay sample on Weight Loss Programs or any similar topic only for you Order Now This program does not only help you with the controlling of the body and food but also assists in the mind as well. As the body is covered by exercise routines developed to fit with the program the food Is covered by the purchases of the branding meals and the mind Is handled with motivation, encouragement and ambition to help you while you are doing the program. Jenny teaches portion control and a balanced approach to living, with the freedom to live your life your way. Source: http://WV. Johnnycake. Com/site/how-it-works Weight Watchers: The purpose of Weight Watchers Is to help their clients lose weight. They have a combination of diet tools and techniques are effective and simple to put into practice. Every single effective tool Is provided In the Weight Watchers Point List. These tools helps the clients lose weight by having the ability to make better food sections, simply and easily 2. The targeted audiences of this product Jenny Crag’s targeted audience used to target people In their late ass and ass. Since then they have a new, broader target audience of 20- to 50- year olds rather than the previous target audience they had. Weight Watchers: Weight Watchers targeted audience is overweight 35+ women, but after they have broadened their target to women under the age of 40+. . The reliability and accuracy of each program In the terms and condition of use in Jenny Craig it says: Whilst we use all reasonable attempts to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the Content on this Site, we are not responsible if the Content that we make available is not accurate or complete. Any reliance on the Content shall be at your own risk. You agree that it Is your responsibility to monitor any changes to the Content as it may change without notice. ‘- so urce: towpath. ]encyclical. Mom. AU/terms -It Is proven to be accurate with the information they provide on the website as well as their information booklets. Weight Watchers: The Weight Watchers diet is proven to have accurate information with the nutrition aloes and facts on how this diet Is effective, In the terms and conditions of use they have mentioned that: All Information provided about losing weight is accurate, and information will be updated at times but there will be no warning on when the Information is updated. They have also mentioned that only doing one part of the new diet introduced won’t help you in any way for you to lose weight. T Off 4. The overall e Ellen Craig: distinctiveness to each program Ellen Craig is like most other diet and exercise programs in that it does work, revived the individual puts their best, most honest effort into the program. Although, without your personal effort, Jenny Craig program is eventually worthless and won’t help you at all. Without your full commitment, Jenny Craig weight loss program is ineffective. Jenny Craig is a diet and exercise program where the handle the diet, exercise and mental aspects by encouraging you to stay with it and be proud of the results you gain. Weight Watchers is proven to be effective as it is convenient for you wherever you go. Weight Watchers is more effective than standard weight-loss guidance’ according to a study published in 2011 in the Lancet. Researchers tracked 772 overweight and moderately obese people who either followed Weight Watchers or got weight-loss guidance from their doctors. After a year, those in the Weight Watchers group had dropped 6. 8 keg compared with 3. 2 keg for the doctor-advised group. What’s more, 61 percent of the Weight Watchers dieters stuck with the program for the full 12 months the study lasted, compared with 54 percent for the standard-care group. The Weight Watchers mainly had success in the regular checkups on their weight and group meetings. They also had non-stop encouragement and support from the dieters. The study was funded by Weight Watchers, but an independent research team was responsible for all data collection and analysis. – source: http://health. Sinews. Com/ best-diet/weight-watchers-diet 5. The short-term and long-term costs of each program Ellen Craig A Cost varies, depending on whether you choose to attend weekly in-person meetings or use the online tools only. A monthly pass to unlimited in-person meetings is $39. 95, which also includes access to tools. Or you can pay as you go; meetings are $12 to $1 5 per week, with a one-time $20 registration fee. To follow online only, a 3- month plan is $65. None of the costs include food. 6. Critically analyses the websites you got your information from for accuracy and The Jenny Craig website is a reliable website, which shows a vast range of information essential for people who are trying hard to lose weight, it shows a wide variety of healthy foods you can eat for breakfast, lunch and dinner. They also have consultants for all states, also these consultants a backed up by a team of REAL dietitians and Gasp, these consultants are very helpful as they help you continuously develop knowledge in food, body and mind. The Jenny Craig website is designed in an organized way which is easy tort the clients to view the intimation and nave organized essential information into an easy way for the clients to see. The website has been designed in a way that looks aesthetically pleasing to anyone who sees their website. The Weight Watchers website is a useful website, it has a systematic way to show information on how their diet works their foods and recipes, fitness and health and the success stories of people who have used this diet and have reached their goal. The website itself would look a lot better if they had balanced out the information all over the page because most of the information on the homepage is on the bottom; it looks too crowded at the bottom. Also with the links to food and recipes they should have added extra links separating the food for breakfast, lunch and dinner etc. How to cite Weight Loss Programs, Papers

Business Contract Law Business Sequence

Question: Describe about the Business Contract Law for Business Sequence. Answer: 1. In this case it was written by Archibal C. Buchanan in a unanimous decision from the court stating that there is a record which suggests that the Zehmer was not intoxicated to that level as to where he would not be able to comprehend the consequence and nature of the instrument that had been executed by him (Lucy v. Zehmer, [1954]). The situation that surrounds the said transaction between Zehmer and Lucy is such that it was justified on the part of Lucy to believe that the business transaction for the sale of land was a serious one and not made a jest which was made merely by Zehmer. When intent for entering the said contract is examined, the courts viewed the standard of a reasonable person meaning thereby the actions and words which is the outward objective expression that would lead any reasonable person to believe that there was an intention on the part of the other party to enter into a legally binding contract. Though there was a contention by the defendant in this case that the contract had been made by him as only a jest or that there was no capacity that he had at the time of formation of the contract, the very fact that he went to the trouble of writing down the entire agreement, which specified the consideration that would be required to be made, the involved parties to the transaction, the contracts subject matter, the issue of title was addressed and also the consent of his wife was taken as well. This entire circumstance would lead any party to believe that there was a contract that was genuine and also valid before the court of law. Thus, according to the judge the reason of intoxication was not satisfactory. 2. It is provided by the objective theory of contracts that the determination of a mutual consent to the contract is done by referring to the manifestations and acts that are external and not by the subjective evidence which is there being the intention that is internal (Mautner, 2002). In more simple words it means that the formation of a contract depends on what is required to be communicated and not what had been only thought (Perillo, 2000). It is provided by the modern objective theory that the intents objective manifestation by a party is required to be viewed in general from point of vantage of a reasonable person who is in the other partys position (foot note 3. The sale of the real estate was discussed between the two parties. It was offered by Lucy for buying the plot, and there is no dispute to the fact that this was a serious offer. The fact that Zehmer was concealing externally that there was no intention for selling the property. It was testified by Zehmer at the trial that there was only needling by him and he did not think that the property would be afforded by Lucy. It was determined by the court that there was a binding contract because any person who was reasonable in the position of Lucy would have believed that there was a genuine intention of Zehmer for selling the property. It was held by the court that there was entitlement on Lucy for relying on what would have been thought reasonably of what was meant when outwardly there was agreement by Zehmer to sell the said property. This holding of the court was consistent entirely with the objective theory contract. References Lucy v. Zehmer[1954]196 Va. 493; 84 S.E.2d 516. Mautner, M. (2002). Contract, Culture, Compulsion, or: What Is So Problematic in the Application of Objective Standards in Contract Law?.Theoretical Inquiries in Law, 3(2). Perillo, J. (2000). The Origins of the Objective Theory of Contract Formation and Interpretation.SSRN Electronic Journal.

White America free essay sample

Song Analysis White America is a song in which Amine creates many contradictions to show Inconsistencies In the American social structure. This Is Important because it reveals critical flaws in the American society that gives false illusions to immigrants and U. S citizens that the United States plays fair in wars. Amine plays as a voice for the American people. Through his music he points out the flaws in our government and speaks to the people who have been entrapped by It. In the first verse Amine ascribes America as the stripes and the stars for the rights men have died for to protect, the women and men who have broke their necks for the freedom of speech the United States government has sworn to uphold(Amine). In the first line he puts stress on stripes and stars which creates an Image of patriotism. Amine believes that Its a false image of patriotism that the U. We will write a custom essay sample on White America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page S government pushes forward to the American people.Twisted words and excellent social control helps the government to convince the American public into believing anything they want us to believe. In my yes we are all equal, we are human beings, patriotism creates unnecessary conflict which pushes hostility towards one another. In the background of the song you can hear whizzing sounds which represent the national anthem and sound of the Blue Angels F-1 gs fighter jets, which is a military symbol of America. In the next three verses, the words rights, died, and protect (Amine) remind Americans of the sacrifices the country has to make to receive such rights as the freedom of speech the united states government has sworn to uphold (Amine) and to encourage them to appreciate these rights since hey are here because of the sacrifices of many women and men. In this song Amine describes to the people that all American people possess these natural rights. The governments Job Is to uphold and protect these rights meaning they were pre-existent and not given.So, according to Amines belief, being an American should automatically guarantee rights equal to other Americans. He uses this fact to begin to show the hypocrisy of our democracy (Ford). The united States government Is not giving these rights to the American people. They are simply protecting them, its the opposite of what they want us to believe. The few elites that control the people separate themselves behind an iron curtain and manipulate the public in order to start unnecessary wars and financially burden the country.He also attacks the FCC (Federal Communication Commission) and parents that censor everything in the media and do not let people see the whole truth or the true meaning behind things. Amine refers his supporters who believe censorship isnt right in l go to CRY look how many hugs I get (Amine). It is his belief that the media does not report the whole truth. This has been proved by many people. The news hat people watch when they turn the Television on Is biased.In a line Just sprays and sprays straight through your radio waves it plays and plays till it stays stuck in 1 OFF means when you fire an automatic weapon with hopes of hitting your enemy. Its the opposite of aiming at your enemy and hitting them with few shots. This refers to the uncontrollable advertisement and misinformation that is streamed through the radio 2417, with hopes of hitting as many people as possible. We come to a point where we ignore all of the things companies try and sell us, and Just because you ignore it it isnt mean it doesnt affect you.A handful companies own everything we see on the television and anything that comes through the radio. Parents who are in charge of their kids need to be especially aware of this. They have to moderate what their kids watch, and activities they participate in. No parent will allow their children to watch horrific things on the TV. Kids are like sponges they will absorb everything they see and hear. They have not developed that filter that sorts things out. Marshall takes pride in what hes doing, he believes the statement hes making peaks for all the American people.In one of his lyrics he specifically says how can I predict my words and have an impact like this (Amine). He also goes on to point out that the government told him to keep quiet; l musts struck a chord wit somebody up in the office, cue Congress keeps telling me I anti causing monotint but problems (Amine). We dont know whether this is true or not, maybe all hes doing is promoting himself since a lot of people do believe in all sorts of conspiracies. Especially the suburban kids in America who are separated from the AfricanAmerican rap community l speak to suburban kids who otherwise wowed never knew these words exist (Amine). If the allegations are against the peoples own government it hold a stronger purpose because its something we all relate to.. Anyone would listen more closely to a famous figure who speaks up against our government, whether its true or not. Especially kids who are living the mainstream culture of today, where most of their norms and values comes from a box that they sit in front of eight hours a day. Every Amine song has been throwing out truths about our government.The social control that the media has on us, Amine exposes it. To the naked eye his lyrics are meaningless, some might even say hes doing it because of self-interest. But if you put his music under a microscope you can see the unveiling message that Amine tries to put forth. There are a few messages in the song like the FCC who censors everything and the U. S government who misinform the American people about plans and laws they try to enact. His music reaches millions of people in the U. S. The first week of this songs release it has sold over 1. 7 million copies.

A Theme of Arthur Millers The Crucible Research Paper Example

A Theme of Arthur Millers The Crucible Research Paper Example A Theme of Arthur Millers The Crucible Paper A Theme of Arthur Millers The Crucible Paper The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is not an accurate historical account, but rather an accurate portrayal of the Salem witch trials of 1692 in Massachusetts. Miller makes minor changes to the events that occurred during the trials such as the genuine names of the victims, the total number of people that were executed, and the correct ages of the characters. During the time of the witch trials, people follow their strict Puritan beliefs. They believe in hard work, prayer, and Bible study, and introspection. Miller tells of how the Salem minister catches several young girls dancing in the forest. This is a sign that the girls are practicing evil, because dancing is not permitted in the Puritan faith. The witch trials were a time of much grief, because many innocent people died without proof and guilt ruined many lives. Miller tells in detail about the witch trials and how the townspeople accept guilt of witches without evidence. People use witchcraft to gain vengeance. One of the most important themes in Arthur Millers The Crucible is that good, mercy, and justice do not always triumph over evil. In his play, The Crucible, Arthur Miller describes his character Rebecca Nurse as the best example of goodness. Rebecca Nurse is well respected in the town. She is very good with children and is called every time someone is about to give birth. She is also called upon when people become ill. She offers her help to anyone that is in need of it. She is one of the strongest members in the local church. Goody Nurse is the cornerstone of the church. She is a strong Christian and follows all Christian beliefs. She dies because she is not willing to sacrifice her principles to survive. She is a good person, but this does not prevent people from accusing her of evil. Because she is accused of witchery, she is hung like everyone else. She knows that she can lie to save herself, but she wants to retain her Christian beliefs and not turn to the ways of Satan. Because she is a strong Christian, she knows that there is a higher court after death and that her final judgment will resort in her placement in heaven. This is an example showing that goodness does not always triumph over evil. In The Crucible, Miller describes the character Reverend Hale to be the best example of mercy. Hale is summoned to come to Salem to investigate witchcraft and rid the town of evil. Hale believes he is the only one who is able to recognize witchcraft When Hale arrives in Salem, he brings big, thick books along with him. The large books, that he carries, show his confidence in his ability to free Salem of witchcraft. Hale believes that justice will be served. During the trials, Hale is trying to identify who are witches and who are not by talking to the townspeople. Hale realizes that the women are beginning to accuse other people in revenge or to save themselves. Once he realizes that everyone is lying about being a witch, he leaves and goes into the wilderness to pray and seek Gods guidance. He soon returns to Salem with a change of heart. He previously tried to find the truth, but now he insists that people lie to save themselves from persecution. He tells everyone that life is more important than their personal pride. He begins to accept the responsibility for those that have previously been hung. Miller uses his character John Proctor to represent justice in his work, The Crucible. John Proctor opposes authority in Millers play. He is portrayed as the protagonist in The Crucible. He acts as an individual and breaks away from established authority. Proctor is a man of great mind and has personal integrity and uses rational thinking. He is often viewed as the voice of reason and does not believe in witchcraft. He follows Christian principles more than the other townspeople. Proctor hates that people would lie in order to save themselves. He loathes hypocrisy because they are testifying to something that is not true. Proctor has strong moral principles with one exception. Hale asks him to recite the Ten Commandments and he forgets one of them, which in his case is the most important, Thou shalt not commit adultery. He denies all accusations of his affair with Abigail until the trial. He then admits to the affair in order to save his name and his wife. His confession shows that his principles are stronger than anything else. Though John Proctor tries to do the right thing in the end, his death shows that justice does not always triumph over evil. In Arthur Millers play The Crucible tells in detail of the Salem witch trials. He describes how witchcraft became part of everyday life among Puritans, whether they want it to be part of their lives or not. He describes how people would lie to save themselves, and confess that other women were witches. The false accusations led to more hardships among family and friends. The lies ruined many lives during the Salem witch trials. Millers play was an accurate portrayal, but it is not accepted as an accurate historical account. The townspeople of Salem participated to save themselves from persecution. It is outlandish that the Puritans came to America to escape religious persecution and they are now persecuting others. Miller uses Rebecca Nurse to show us that goodness does not always triumph over evil and that even the finest people are sometimes accused of crimes. She was hung because she refused to lie to save herself. Because she was such a strong member of the church she refused to give in to the devils wishes. Miller uses Hale to show that mercy does not always triumph over evil. Hale comes to Salem to distinguish if witchcraft is present within the community. He believes that justice will be served by the courts, but his idea of justice changes at the end of the play. He becomes merciful to the people who were accused and tried to convince them to lie to save themselves. John Proctor is the example that Miller used to show that justice will not always triumph over evil. Proctor was a strong Christian and he felt that he should confess to the affair that he previously had with Abigail. He felt that he should tell the truth to possibly get his wife freed from persecution because he felt she was innocent. Miller shows that the ideals and actions of Rebecca Nurse, Reverend Hale, and John Proctor could not prevail over evil. Miller shows us that goodness, mercy, and justice do not always lead to all of the better things in life. Not all things in life go the way that is planned.

Historical Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Historical Writing - Essay Example Yet not all interpretations of the past are deemed valid as some are simply beyond the burden of evidence and fair interpretation of the historical record is neglected. To communicate a sound interpretation of a historical phenomenon, "an eye witness account" should come within the period. Ash's extremely readable book is a detailed recount in essay form of the political transformation and revolution of Eastern Europe. He wrote about the events that politically transformed Poland, Hungary, Eastern Germany and Czechoslovakia which teaches us lessons against communism and glorifies the struggle for freedom. With his account of the revolt in Budapest and Hungary, the events that exactly took place with the fall of the Berlin wall continue to captivate and inform readers. The happenings in Prague were given out in vivid detail with personal accounts of the leading anti-communists figures. The long and elaborate observations however failed to explain the failures of the earlier movement to destabilize communism which could have completed the fifth part which summarizes his observations and a few drawn out conclusions of the first four chapters. The second section of the book traces the changes in Eastern Europe, however failing to discuss how the revolution became logical in an era that defies prediction. His theories drew out the summary in three words-"Gorbachev, Helsinki and Toqueville", who all set the stage for a revolution. His unique work, managed to create a storytelling atmosphere that combined facts and analysis into a highly readable and enjoyable piece of work that critically dubbed the Magic lantern as "sensational, scholarly and literary. Reviews have treated his work as a "history of the present" that invites dissenting opinion on the issues concerning a certain time frame that allows history to complete its course. Eventually issues would sooner or later add up to form part of the whole saga that critics were quick to point as Ash's error in writing a somewhat historical piece just after several months of the actual event. We begin to agree with the critics on the sound idea that to recount past history of a certain period, a particular time frame is designated to create a full picture of the results after the tangible and unforgotten era. However, we may be led to believe that Ash was never aiming for the perfect account of the unpredictable. History and journalism has never set a standard within which to form as a guide in the chronology and conclusion in writing historical events and. Ash's writing was more of an art akin to creative journalistic writing and may not be taught to follow the elements of a structure d history. His exact account leaves us facts and interesting fragments of his travels along the chronology of an important chapter of recent events. We are not approaching the modern age with our first few steps--we are in a journey towards scientific advancement and treating literary and journalistic pieces with a degree of control would relegate the writer's efforts into nothing but a sham. Ash was merely raising his ideas and account of the

Enthnography Paper on The Quarry and the Lot Essay

Enthnography Paper on The Quarry and the Lot - Essay Example It also tries to find answers to how Joseph Klein, once a bright, smart boy, became so unfortunate in life and eventually passed away at a very young age. This essay attempts to critically assess the subcultures in the Mark Wallace’s book and explicate on how it is difficult for someone from a different subculture to easily blend in. the fundamental question in this book is why Joseph was so different from the other four friends he had grown up with in a similar environment. How do we compare him to other dangerous, violent and ruthless boys from other subcultures and environments? How do we define grief when people were not able to cope with the deceased whist he was alive? Discussion How does a kid as bright and smart as Joseph Klein turn and become a violent, angry, destructive and a ruthless teenager who disregards authority? This is the question that troubles all the four friends in their interactions as they grew up and in their adulthood. This question does not only tro uble the friends, but their parents too and the entire neighborhood. This is evident during Joseph funeral at the Quarry. There is a very big irony at this instance. Why are all these people attending Joseph’s funeral and yet they never regarded him as a friend but an enemy? This beats logic. Are they pretending to be in grief due to the sudden and mysterious death of Joseph? Or are they are truly in grief? Everyone present at this funeral literary had no clue as to what they were doing there (Wallace 11). Joseph grew up from a very humble family whose previous generations produced academicians. Amelia, Luke and Nick, are all trying to ponder how Joseph turned out to be such a monster. What subculture was he prescribing too? When he became an adult, he pushed everyone away from his life, ruthlessly bullied all his friends. It is although very confusing when Wallace aims to establish the impact and role of Joseph Klein in the other friends lives. All these people grew up in th e same environment and were all defined by the same subculture. Luke turned out to be a teacher and a poet writer and Luke a furniture store owner. It is always assumed that society and its culture and doctrines shape people’s character and future behavior. It can be argued that past subcultures can influence behavior and character. What is happening is really changed by what we believe in and sometimes, things that look normal are actually frightening. This phenomenon might explain what happened to Klein Joseph. When people have lost touch and connection with the deceased, can they experience grief in its true form? The families and childhood friends of Joseph are sharing in grief of his departure. This seemingly looks quite surprising since most of the people at this funeral were never friends with the deceased and possibly do not know why they are there. This funeral is not a formal ceremony and thus no mourner(s) has attempted to pick the slack. They did not know how to e xpress how they felt. These people supposedly hated and disliked Joseph for what he did to them as a neighbor. Mark Wallace manages to depict the nature of American suburbs. They tend to encourage some sense of belonging to a certain community. The ironical solidarity that his friends and parents who did not like him at all are trying to show is an example of how the suburbs are (Wallace 41). Did Joseph Klein in any way

Allegiant Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Allegiant Report - Essay Example In 2007 the net margin (net income / sales) of the company was 8.74%. Based on the company yearly growth prediction of an above 10% the company was not able to meet its profitability targets, but it still perform better than the industry average of about 2% (Bachman). One of the weaknesses of the company’s growth strategy is that it does hedge adequately against the risk of higher fuel costs. In the article the readers of the material learned that the company utilized a fleet that was on the average 18 years old. The utilization of old inefficient planes hurt the company’s operating efficiency. A company that takes great pride in its ability of lower costs has an inherent and systematic deficiency in its cost structure. Gasoline represents the second largest costs for a typical airline after only the cost labor of the airplanes crews and administrative personnel. Another business risk of the company is its dependence on middle class as its primary business prospect. The firm is forgetting about the virtues of targeting business travelers. A higher retention rate of business clients could help the company create value over time. Ratio analysis is a financial diagnostic tool that can help an business analyst determine the financial performance of a particular common stock or privately owned business. In fiscal year 2007 the debt to equity ration of Allegiant was 0.93. The metric is good because the company has more total equity than total debt. In comparison with the industry standard of 1.48, the company has a more flexible capital structure that can be utilized in the future to acquire capital and spur further growth (Dun & Bradstreet). The firm’s quick ratio (current assets / current obligations) is even better at 1.75. A low current ratio decreases the business risk for an investor because it provides assurances that the company can meet its current obligations. The company most likely issue corporate paper at such as

History of Police Stop and Search Powers in the UK

History of Police Stop and Search Powers in the UK This dissertation charts the history of the stop and search powers of the British police from the old days of the notorious Brixham riots, the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry up to the modern day. Throughout this journey we will examine the use of stop and search under various statutes, concentrating on the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and culminating in a discussion of the Terrorism Act 2000. The effect of the enforcement of the stop and search powers on the community will be examined. 1.0 Chapter I 1.1 Police Use of Discretion and Stop and Search The use of discretion is at the centre of the debates on police powers; that is the ability of police officers to make what are essentially subjective judgements in legal situations and still be operating within the boundaries of law. In fact, the use of discretion covers almost every aspect of police work, so the initial decision to stop and search a suspect to the decision to charge and prosecute for an offence in court. Discretion can take the form of whether or not to pursue an action, for example, whether or not to make an arrest, even where the grounds for arrest are evident. The law allows the police a wide range of lawful possibilities, to make a decision based on their own individual professional judgement about particular situations. In whatever decision a police officer makes, he or she is accountable to the law and not to his or her superiors. Police officers cannot be given orders by their superiors on how they should; for example, whether to arrest one person and not another. Thus, unlike in most hierarchical organisations, the greatest power in terms of law enforcement lies with the officers on the beat and not their superiors. The area of stop and search has aroused much academic research because it is an area where the officer on the beat has wide and often unsupervised discretion to enforce the law. More importantly, this is an area wherein a police officer can deprive someone of their freedom of movement even though there is may be no evidence that the person is committing, has committed or is about to commit an offence. Research evidence points to allegations that the police are unfairly targeting certain sectors of the community, in particular black and Asian people, with regard to their use of stop and search. It is extremely difficult to monitor an individual officers use of discretion in this area of police work. There are provisions for supervision by superiors and some training is usually provided for officers but there is more to be done in terms of monitoring the use of stop and search. In addition, there are Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) regulations on how stop and search is to be used in a non-discriminatory manner. However, it is still difficult to control the use of discretion in the use of stop and search. The discretionary and discriminatory use of stop and search powers (then the Stop and Search (SUS) law) by the Metropolitan Police (MET) was one of the major causes of the Brixton riots in 1981. The METs public pronouncement that Black people were in the majority amongst the muggers in London and the emerging labelling of Black communities as criminal and drug infested provided the legitimate backing for a militaristic policing of Brixton and the justification of the indiscriminate use of SUS on the residents of the area. This was an example of where public perceptions and politics give support to the use of discretion in policing, in this regard, the use of stop and search. The same scenario can be seen in the current use of stop and search in the UK (and presumably the USA) post-9:11. The scope for the use of discretion in stop and search has been significantly expanded in recent criminal justice, public order and anti-terrorism legislation whereby the reasonable suspicion element appears to have been pushed to the limit. The result has been very high figures of stop and search of the Asian Muslim population in the UK under a variety of anti-terror legislation. The use of discretion in police use of stop and search is still seriously being debated in academic and political circles, especially in relation to the issue of police racism. Minority ethnic people are not the only ones apparently discriminated against because of police use of discretion in stop and search. Young people are also believed to experience discrimination. In addition, variables of place (i.e. geographical area) and time of day or night come into play in understanding police use of discretion in stop and search (Clancy, Hough, Aust and Kershaw 2001). The use of police powers is important in the academic discourse about how the state rules through the law and its apparatuses. Police-citizenship relationship is essentially a power relationship at the micro-level. This relationship is often seen as an expression of how the state treats certain sectors of society at the macro-level. In other words, police powers are often seen as the personification of state power. 1.2 Monitoring It is apparent that until recent years, most police forces did not have information systems in place for monitoring stop and search. Even with the requirement to provide data on the ethnic breakdown of searches, some forces relied on counting stop and search by hand. This laborious paper exercise simply allowed forces to provide a breakdown of search by ethnic group to fulfil the requirements of Sec. 95 of the Criminal Justice Act 1991 which requires that the Home Office publish ethnic monitoring data (Quinton and Bland 1999, p2) When it comes to monitoring the use of the stop and search powers, different constabularies record different information. This makes comparisons difficult and the question of proportionality more complex. The main point however, is that constabularies must be able to monitor the use of these powers and to thoroughly and proficiently able to analyse the data. In order to achieve this, the police or external staff who are carrying out such analyses must have appropriate monitoring skills. Fair use of police stop and search powers has the potential for raising public confidence in the police. In December 2004 South Yorkshire police said in its Statement of Agreed Policy (South Yorkshire Statement 2004); the use of stop and search powers directly impacts upon our relationship with the public. Historically, the use of stop and search has sparked much debate, as well as causing friction between the police and the public, particularly following publication of statistics showing apparent disproportionate use with regard to minority ethnic groups. Our use of this power must be fair and open to scrutiny, balancing the rights of individuals with the safety of the public, whilst at the same time increasing public confidence. It is an area where we will always come under scrutiny for evidence of unfairness or discrimination. The manner and approach an officer takes should at all times be sensitive, lawful, and effective in order to ensure public confidence and reassurance. (Appendix p2) Current national data on the use of stop and search power (e.g. Sec.95 Criminal Justice Act 1991) demonstrate considerable variation between constabularies which, when aggregated, indicate that black people and, increasingly Asians are more likely to be stopped and searched than their white counterparts, even in regions where the black and minority ethnic population is extremely small. In 1997-98, for example, Home Office figures revealed that one million stops and searches were carried out by the police under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) of which 11% were of black people, 5% Asian and 1% other non-white origin (Home Office, 1998, p. 5). The explanation for differential use of stop and search powers is complex. Rates of stops and searches differ between geographical areas and between ethnic minorities, more so if one applies the 16+1 ethnic categories. However, most statistics are still recorded in the 3+1 ethnic classification White, Black Asian and other. This has made it difficult to assess the use of stop and search powers on the smaller minorities such as Chinese people, people of mixed heritage and refugees. In addition, most records of stop and search are likely to be an undercount. Home Office research has suggested that most constabularies are presently not equipped to undertake the required, detailed analysis of stop and search or any other relevant data (Fitzgerald, 1997). The result of this state of affairs is that senior officers cannot identify precisely which of their divisions have staff who are using the powers in a biased way and, therefore, the individual officers who should be made accountable for their actions. Also, it is very doubtful if lower ranked supervisory staff, sergeants and inspectors in particular, have the skills to understand the analyses undertaken and to manage their officers appropriately if a biased use of stop and search (or any other powers for that matter) is identified This is, indeed, a serious issue (Holdaway S.1999 para.6 (v)) As indicated above in relation to the smaller minorities, another important issue, especially in relation to disproportionality, is how ethnic monitoring is done. A Home Office research about ethnic monitoring identified a police ambivalence about and, sometimes, hostility towards ethnic monitoring. The researchers summarized their findings in the following way; The research found that most police officers appeared to view ethnic monitoring as irrelevant at best; at worst, it was resented and/or feared as a stick deliberately designed to beat them with. . . . . . Those in senior management positions who were most actively supportive of monitoring were, nonetheless, wary of some of the possible repercussions of examining the statistics, both inside and outside the force; and most, in any case, had other, more pressing demands on them (Fitzgerald, 1997 pp viii-ix). The Home Office researchers also found that many officers thought that ethnic monitoring was primarily about documenting the crime patterns of ethnic minorities. If they had another view it was that monitoring was imposed to accuse them of bias. The attitudinal context within which ethnic monitoring undertaken is very unsatisfactory. The reasons why ethnic monitoring was introduced are controversial. Whatever the reasons, it has highlighted rather than explained Black criminality. Police use of stop and search is currently under much more scrutiny than ever before. A simple explanation is that the police have abused their stop and search powers in the past and so they have invited this close scrutiny and bridges of trust and respect have to be built with the local community. It is interesting that after Macpherson, when new guidelines were introduced on police use of stop and search in order to dispel allegations of discriminatory use of the law, the statistics show an increase instead of a decrease in police use of stop and search against Black people. However, it is reasonable to assume that ethnic monitoring has had some effect on police use of discretion in stop and search, no matter how small. The police are aware of possible accusations of racism when they use their powers of stop and search. Thus, the use of discretion by the police in this regard is constrained by the political climate within which policing takes place. Finally, it should be noted that the collection of ethnic monitoring data is designed mainly to analyse differential outcomes of the use of stop and search and arrest powers. However, these standard data have a very limited use. They are the record of the outcome of an action not of the actions that led to the outcome. Local police managers therefore need to be able to analyse ethnic monitoring data to identify the processes that led to differential outcomes. Unless these data are used to identify the processes that have led to racial discrimination for example, effective change cannot be realised and achieved. A great deal of work has to be done by the police if the differential use of stop and search, or any other powers, is to be identified and appropriate action taken. The Home Office should prepare a standard monitoring system, used by officers with demonstrable skills in the analysis of data, and its use within all constabularies should be required and assessed by HMIC (Her Majestys Inspectorate of Constabulary). Thought needs to be given to placing the ability to analyse data as a core skill for promotion to supervisory rank. The development of analytical skills should be assessed routinely in staff appraisals. Officers need training in data analysis; in moving from a reliance on outcome data, to identifying the processes that have resulted in particular outcomes. On the issue of monitoring, the Home Secretary did appoint an implementation group to ensure that the Lawrence Inquiry action plan was realized within the police. Although the membership of this group was not finalised, it was mostly made up of members of the police representative associations and other interested parties. The implementation group did not have members who were experts in the monitoring of policy implementation. Indeed, it was dominated by the representatives of various police staff and other associations, who have proved themselves to be less competent than in the very task they are supposed to be monitoring police policy implementation. The reason for this membership is probably that the Home Secretary felt that he would have to retain the confidence and support of the police as policies developed. This is understandable, but not sufficient for the stated purpose of the implementation group. It is now critical for organisations like the Runnymede Trust to ensure that the implementation group considers adequate monitoring information and that their work is effective. The suggestion that a monitoring group should be monitored sounds cumbersome and monotonous. However it would appear to be necessary if progress is to be made ( Holdaway, 1999 para 6 ( xi to xii) ). Discussion of police use of discretion is often linked with the academic discussion of police occupational subcultures. Although most elements of police culture are universal, each agency possesses its own personal and distinctive organisational culture. Therefore it is quite difficult to find an uncomplicated definition of police culture. There are several varied definitions, some being more complex than others. According to McDonald (1997): The concept of police culture is comprised of the merging of two major components, (a) the image of impartial and professional crime fighters that the police have of themselves, and (b) a system of beliefs and behaviour not described in published manuals or agency value statements. (McDonald et al, 1997). This definition, whilst not obviously identifying a compelling positive element, does recognise more than just the negative. The public demands all professionals to be held at high standard, but for obvious reasons, policing has an even higher threshold to meet and all police officers must accept this higher standard. An integral part of the process of police acceptance of this higher standard is to understand the police culture, while retaining the resilience to both resist the negative and champion the positive. The police are the first step in the justice process, and the first rung on the ladder in the climb to dispensing justice in the hierarchy. If the police do not inspire confidence, then the whole justice system is viewed with disparagement and suspicion. If the police who are at the forefront of initiating the justice system is viewed with unease, then anything that emanates from their behaviour is similarly seen as tainted. In order for the public to have faith in the justice system and view it with respect and confidence, then it needs to be functioning properly in an unbiased manner from the start, namely the role of the police. However, the apparent unfair use of the law by the police is often linked to the culture of police officers. Authors have argued that racism, sexism, homophobic and anti-working class feelings exist within the culture of rank and file police officers and that it affects how they enforce the law or use their discretion in enforcing the law (Holdaway, 1983 and Chan, 1997). This argument has been used in explaining police use of stop and search and arrests, and the disproportionality question. Considerable research informs us about the contours and power of the rank-and-file occupational culture, (Holdaway, 1983 and Chan, 1997). In terms of minority ethnic people, it is argued that this culture mediates wider racial categorisations and stereotypes black youths as criminal. It moulds these categorisations within the context of routine police work and affects police use of discretion. The Macpherson Report (Macpherson 1999) has introduced a new dimension in the debate by asserting that the police forces as a whole are institutionally racist. In the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry, the oral evidence of the three representatives of the MPS Black Police Association was illuminating. As rightly quoted in Inspector Paul Wilsons evidence; The term institutional racism should be understood to refer to the way the institution or the organisation may systematically or repeatedly treat, or tend to treat, people differentially because of their race. So, in effect, we are not talking about the individuals within the service who may be unconscious as to the nature of what they are doing, but it is the net effect of what they do. (Stephen Lawrence Inquiry Part 2, Day 2, p. 209) A second source of institutional racism is our culture, our culture within the police service. Much has been said about our culture, the canteen culture, and the occupational culture. How and why does that impact on individuals, black individuals on the street? Well, we would say the occupational culture within the police service, given the fact that the majority of police officers are white, tends to be the white experience, the white beliefs, the white values. Given the fact that these predominantly white officers only meet members of the black community in confrontational situations, they tend to stereotype black people in general. This can lead to all sorts of negative views and assumptions about black people, so we should not underestimate the occupational culture within the police service as being a primary source of institutional racism in the way that we differentially treat black people. Interestingly I say we because there is no marked difference between black and white in the force essentially. We are all consumed by this occupational culture. Some of us may think we rise above it on some occasions, but, generally speaking, we tend to conform to the norms of this occupational culture, which we say is all powerful in shaping our views and perceptions of a particular community. (Stephen Lawrence Inquiry Part 2 Day 2, p. 211). Macpherson (1999) drew attention to these and other similar comments noting; We believe that it is essential that the views of these officers should be closely heeded and respected (Macpherson 1999, p. 25) The study in one local constabulary (South Yorkshire Police), by analysing 1998 samples, it was found that young black males between ages 15 and 25 had a 1 in 3 chance of being stopped per year, Asians a 1 in 6 chance, and whites a 1 in 10 chance. Blacks formed 0.8% of the countrys population and Asians just over 3% (Holdaway, 2003). Ethnic minorities and predominantly black youth are stopped for the suspected possession of drugs, often, small amounts of cannabis that do not lead to a court appearance. In this study it was found that black youths were more likely to be stopped for the possession of drugs, while white youths were most likely to be stopped for suspected possession of stolen goods or being equipped to steal. However, there is no available evidence to suggest that black youths use drugs more than any other ethnic group (Graham and Bowling, 1996). Although in his study, Holdaway found that the actual number of young blacks and Asians stopped and searched were small and the legal power used fairly infrequently. It cannot be assumed that its impact on the views of ethnic minorities has been proportionate. Holdaway maintains that suspicions about the disproportionate use of stop-and-search powers have fuelled a sense of discrimination among ethnic minorities. The Macpherson Inquiry 1999 into the death of Stephen Lawrence re-emphasised the need for the police services to scrutinise stop and search powers in the context of wider community relations. The Inquiry pointed to discrimination at an operational level as fuelling and leading to the publics loss of trust in the police services. The recording of self-defined ethnicity forms part of Macpherson Recommendation 61, but until 1999 several forces had to date, based ethnic monitoring on officers visual perception. Concerns have been raised about the use of self defined ethical classification as required by the Macpherson Inquiry. Police forces were themselves apprehensive about the way the public might respond and how such responses ought to be used as management information. After all, some ethnic minorities might describe themselves as British, which would make ethnic monitoring more problematic. Also the actual raising of the issue of ethnicity might make stop and search more confrontational and lead to criticisms of differential treatment which in turn would fuel the allegations of discrimination. If communities in general have no confidence in the police then they will not assist the police by providing valuable information about possible criminal activity within the communities. It is a basic fact that the police need the public in order to prevent, investigate and control crime. 2.0 Chapter II This chapter will look at the variation in the manner in which various police forces used stop and search and how the P A C E Codes of Practice of stop and search can be interpreted. Since the early nineteenth century, the police have had wide ranging local powers to stop and search individuals whom they suspect of criminal intent. This Chapter will trace the history of stop and search powers and in particular their development and utilisation under PACE. 2.1 Police Powers of Stop and Search Under The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) Police powers to carry out stop and search dates back to the Vagrancy Act of 1824. This was the old SUS. Under sections 4 and 6 of this law, the police are empowered to stop any person found loitering in a public place on suspicion of intent to commit a cognizable offence. In addition, in London, section 66 of the Metropolitan Police Act (1839) allowed MET police officers to stop and search in London, where there was reasonable suspicion that a person was carrying anything stolen or unlawfully obtained. Interestingly, an internal record was kept not only of the searches but also of all stops under these powers. These were recorded divisionally and the figures collated centrally. Even before the advents of PACE there were concerns regarding police use of the stop and search powers. Reports produced by Willis (1983) and Smith (1983) showed that officers frequently abused the reasonable suspicion requirements attached to the powers. The reports also revealed that these powers were applied disproportionately towards members of the black community. In fact, during the 1970s, there were public concerns about police discrimination in the use of SUS and these anxieties were publicised by various organisations such as the Scrap Sus Campaign (1979) and there were calls for the stop and search powers to be regulated or even scrapped. As mentioned in chapter one, it was the indiscriminate and heavy-handed approach to the use of the SUS law in London that led to the Brixton disturbances in 1981. The mounting complaints led to SUS being a major issue reviewed by Lord Scarman. The subsequent report (The Scarman Report) recommended the replacement of SUS. SUS was repealed and then replaced with a new power of stop and search (SAS) in the Police and criminal Evidence Act (PACE) of 1984. Section 1 of PACE allows the police to stop and search any person or vehicle when the officer has reasonable grounds for suspecting that stolen or prohibited articles will be found. The police are permitted to carry out a full search of the person including anything they may be carrying or any vehicle they are in. PACE was implemented in order to clarify the circumstances in which people could be stopped and searched as well as building in safeguards for the individuals concerned. The introduction of PACE was the first time legislation that had been introduced to properly consolidate what had become a disparate range of powers in respect of the use of stop and search by British police officers. In addition the introduction of PACE could have been accelerated by the report of the Royal Commission on Criminal Procedures (1981) which had recommended improved stop and search powers. Also the Scarman Inquiry specifically said that the way in which stop and search had been carried out had contributed towards the level of tension in Brixton. In Lord Scarmans concluding comment he quoted that; The state of law is, however, a mess, as the Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure has shown The PACE powers allow for searches to be carried out on the basis of reasonable suspicion. Additionally, police officers retain the ability to carry out voluntary or non-statutory searches. As Bland, Miller and Quinton (Home Office: 2000) remarked: In practice this (PACE) was an extension of powers. The Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure recognised the need to balance this extension with safeguards to protect the public from random, arbitrary and discriminatory searches (p 6) Stop and searches carried out under PACE must be carried out in accordance with the Codes of Practice, Code A. From April 2006, following Section 61 of the Macpherson Report, the recording of stops became a requirement for all police forces. In a recent report by the National Implementation for the Recording of Stops, Michael Shiner with the assistance of Nisrine Mansour, Eleanor Stokes and Athina Vlachantoni (Home Office, 2006) suggest that the implementation of compulsory recording of all stops will improve police accountability to the public and will protect the officer from false allegations and misrepresentation from public encounters. It is hoped by the Police Federation that the recording of stops will promote better two-way communications between the police and the public. The National Implementation for the Recording of Stops commissioned by the Stop and Search Action Team undertook valuable research into police attitudes, training, leadership, data capture, community engagement, accountability and engagement (Police Federation 2006, p 3). The report was an honest but blunt appraisal of how many within the force feel about stop and search. One of the big concerns was the slur officers felt on the reputation of the force being linked with institutional racism. A common strand throughout was the issue of disproportionality and officers attitudes towards it. Quite evident was the lack of common understanding at all levels of this term except that it is feared. However, officers are keen to emphasise the value of stop and search as a policing tool needed for communitys safety and protection from crime and anti social behaviour. It is one of the best examples of intelligence led policing and the easiest way of targeting persistent offenders and infiltrating crime hot spots. However studies have shown that many stops are not recorded at all. This is only a breach of the law if the PACE powers are actually exercised and if the suspect is searched or arrested (Sanders Young, 2000; ch.2) 2.2 The Code of Practice (Code A) The most controversial area of stop and search law (or even police law generally) is the definition of reasonable suspicion. Code of practice (Code A) defined what reasonable suspicion should mean in the practical sense of the use of stop and search. In para 2.2, the Code states: Reasonable suspicion can never be supported on the basis of personal factors alone without reliable supporting intelligence or information or some specific behaviour by the person concerned. For example, a persons race, age, appearance, or the fact that the person is known to have a previous conviction, cannot be used alone or in combination with each other as the reason for searching that person. Reasonable suspicion cannot be based on generalisations or stereotypical images of certain groups or categories of people as more likely to be involved in criminal activity, (Code A para.2.2). (The latest version of the Codes of Practice came into effect on February 1, 2008, (SI 2008/167) but it does not make major changes to the existing Code A). The term disproportionate is used in the Code (Code A, par. 5.3). This is unfortunate as it has negative connotations and is synonymous with mistrust. The Codes (Code A Section 5) introduce a responsibility on supervisors to monitor and detect any disproportionality in the searches their officers conduct. The Home Office and Chief Officers readily admit they do not understand the term and yet are determined to judge police officers by it. The term proportionate would be more appropriate and implies a considered and necessary uses of stop and search powers. Furthermore, it seems that additional research should be commissioned into the many complex issues surrounding analysis of stop and search, in particular of street populations. In the aftermath of the Macpherson Report and following recent changes to PACE one would expect the service to provide additional and focussed training. It is apparent that the new safeguards introduced by PACE have failed to fulfil their goals of preventing the misuse of the concept of reasonable suspicion and the abuse of the stop and search power (McLaughlin and Muncie, 2001). Bland, Miller and Quinton ( Home Office, 2000 ) noted that : Research has pointed to the difficulty, in practice, of making a clear distinction between PACE searches and those involving consent. An early evaluation of the impact of PACE in one force highlighted confusion about the distinction at both policy and operational level. There was evidence that some officers used consent to avoid the requirements of PACE for reasonable suspicion and that public consent was often given when ignorant of the right to refuse ( p 7) The Metropolitan Police Authority commissioned a community evaluation of the implementation of Recommendation 61 of the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry in Hackney (Stop and Search, 2004). The evaluation was carried out by a black-led community organisation, the 1990 Trust. In this study, the police were told to record all stops and searches whether consensual or not, but not include those carried out under the terrorism legislation. A major concern of respondents in the study is that of not being given reasonable reasons for a stop. Existing research has shown that being given a reason for a stop is important to the public. In the Hackney study, over 86% of the respondents said that they had been told or had found out the reasons for the stop or stop and search. However, and more importantly, on further examination, over half (57%) of the respondents thought that the reason given for the stop was false. Being given an unconvincing reason for a stop was potentially as frustrating as being given no reason at all. For some respondents, it was tantamount to an insult to the intelligence of the person being stopped. The re

Mobile Phones :: essays research papers

The Mobile Revolution Rakesh Mohan Hallen By March 2004 the total number of cell phone users in India exceeded 3 crores. Experts call it a mobile revolution. People from all walks of life, of all ages use them. They carry it in their hands, pockets or purses. One can find advertisements related to cell phones anywhere: roads, newspapers, and television. Theoretically one can contact a person carrying a mobile (cell phone) anywhere, anytime. But few are aware of the technology that makes it possible. It is not very difficult to become aware of its nitty-gritties. How it works To use a cell phone one needs a handset. The handset of a cell phone, as you might have seen, has a small screen at one end and a panel of buttons below it. Some handsets have a small antenna that is protruding out from its, but it is not universal. Some modern handsets are foldable so that when not in use the panel of buttons is not visible, these handsets have a larger screen that can display colour pictures also. The essential component of the technology that make cell phone possible are networks of a large number of radio transmitters/receivers. Each cell phone company has a network of this kind that is controlled in each city/state by its central office known as MTSO (Mobile Telephone Switching Office) . You know that our body is made up of many cells. These networks are also cellular akin to the body of any animal. The area covered by a cell phone company, a city or a state, for its services is divided into zones that are called its cells. Thus the network of a cellular company is made up of many such cells. Each of these cells has a moderately sized radio transmitter/receiver and a microprocessor based instrument somewhat like a computer, located at a place known as its base station. Base stations can communicate with each other. They can easily located in a town/city because of the prominent size of their antenna above some buildings. A cell phone handset is also a low power radio transmitter/receiver. It can transmit as well as receive electromagnetic waves from its closest base station when it is powered on. As soon as one turns on a cell phone handset it listens for SID (System Identification Code - a unique 5-digit number that is assigned to each carrier by the central authority say TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) and is programmed into each handset when it is activated by a company.